Brief Title
Can Text Reminders Improve Uptake of Cervical Screening?
Official Title
Can Text Reminders Improve Uptake of Cervical Screening? A RCT.
Brief Summary
Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women under 35 years and is a major public
health concern. Fortunately, the natural history of this malignancy can be beneficially
improved through cytological screening. However, the success of screening programmes depends
on their ability to attract the "at risk" population, as well as the analytical sensitivity
and specificity of the screening test. In the UK, screening consistently falls short of the
80% national target and recent evidence shows uptake is decreasing, in part due to the
introduction of HPV vaccination programmes. In the under 30s London population, average
coverage only reached 50% in 2013. Given this information, the cervical screening programme
is under increasing pressure to improve uptake, and need an evidence based intervention.
We aim to improve the uptake of cervical screening using SMS messaging through a randomised
controlled trial. The trail will evaluate both the prevalent and incident rounds of screening
and within the intervention group, analyse how the content of text reminders influences their
effectiveness. Specifically we will evaluate a) neutral b) messenger c) social norms d)
framed gain/loss reminders. Unlike our previous trial, this SMS reminder will encourage the
booking of an appointment which has never been tested, rather than simply reminding women to
attend. All women being invited for cervical screening, registered at participating GPs
within Hillingdon will be eligible to participate. Women will also be provided with a 2 week
window during which they can opt out of the research. Given the sample sizes we predict the
trial will take 9 months.
Detailed Description
In Hillingdon specifically, where this randomised controlled trial (RCT) will be set, the
uptake of the prevalent population of women (24-29 years as a proxy), was only 35% in 2012,
whilst the incident population (30-64years as a proxy) was slightly higher at 51% (HSCIC2,
2013).
One strategy which healthcare has previously employed to improve uptake of both screening and
routine appointments is the use of SMS or "text message" reminders. Standard reminders have
often been used in healthcare and act as "primers", prompting people to make healthier
choices (Blumenthal-Barby & Burroughs, 2012). They also serve to reduce the practical
barriers preventing women from attending i.e. failure to book or remember the time/location
of the appointment. Previous research investigating the effectiveness of appointment
reminders demonstrated that both telephone and postal reminders, although at times effective,
were often impractical, unsustainable, and/or unaffordable (Gurol-Urganci et al, 2013, Perron
et al, 2013).
SMS interventions have been effective at improving medication adherence, disease management
and smoking cessation (Krishna et al, 2013; Abroms et al, 2014). They have also proven
effective at reducing "Do Not Attends" (DNAs) within healthcare, estimated to cost the NHS
£600 million per year in wasted time and resources (Dr Foster Research, 2009). SMS reminders
were also found to be very successful at increasing the attendance of breast screening
appointments, increasing the uptake by 17% compared to usual care (Kerrison et al, 2013). As
well as improving attendance, SMS reminders have also proved effective at reducing costs,
increasing the efficiency of clinics, enabling more effective booking, reducing mismatches
between demand and capacity, and generally helping to increase productivity within
healthcare.
SMS interventions have many benefits over alternative mediums. Firstly an SMS is cheap,
roughly 3p per text whilst a letter can cost 10 times that. SMS is also capable of reaching
the recipient wherever they are whilst letters can only be delivered to recipients last known
address. This is particularly important, as people are more likely to retain their mobile
numbers nowadays even if they change address, especially in London where the population is
notoriously mobile. Mobile phone use is also ubiquitous in the UK, with a recent report
estimating that over 99% of adults in London owned a mobile phone in 2013 (Ofcom, 2013).
Another advantage of SMS is that there is evidence that people increasingly use electronic
day planners and therefore a message direct to a person's phone encourages people to promptly
record appointments and even allowing them to set alarms creating their own reminder. SMS
interventions would therefore be as wide reaching as a postal intervention (if not more so)
at a fraction of the cost and with greater accuracy.
Although previous evidence provides a sound rationale that SMS interventions have great
potential for cervical screening, there is still a considerable amount of information
required in order to introduce this intervention as standard practice.
The research also aims to evaluate whether minor differences in wording affect women's
response to these messages. This idea stems from "Nudge" theory, a form of Libertarian
Paternalism or "Asymmetric Paternalism" (Thaler and Sunstein, 2003). This concept is derived
from a mix of cognitive psychology and behavioural science which is based on the principal
that humans, due to a lack of information, experience, cognitive ability and self-control,
often fail to act in a way that promotes their own welfare (Sunstein and Thaler, 2003).
Libertarian paternalisms therefore encourages individuals to act in their, and/or societies,
best interests whilst maintaining freedom of choice (Aggarwal et al 2014). Although the use
of "nudge" has been viewed as controversial within healthcare by some, this study has
justified its use by avoiding any form of coercion, and making it clear that this text is
simply a reminder of the normal invitation process.
There is mounting evidence demonstrating that even small changes in the content and framing
heavily influences people decisions (Haynes et al, 2013; Hallsworth et al, 2014). Whether the
positive effects of small wording changes or "nudging" is reflected in women's attitudes
towards cervical screening programs has yet to be evaluated. This information will be crucial
in order to maximise efficiency of this intervention and knowledge gained could be applied to
similar interventions in healthcare making them more cost effective. We also hope to evaluate
whether people with different levels of deprivation respond differently to the different
messages. This is hugely important, as tailoring the message to the population is crucial to
improving the efficiency of the intervention and to reduce health inequalities within London.
In light of this evidence we have chosen seven different text message options, all of which
have according to research great potential to improve the uptake of screening. These include
a control of no text message, a neutral reminder and five reminders with behavioural messages
to prompt uptake. The intervention arms according to research have great potential to improve
the uptake of screening. It is well established that reducing the effort required to perform
an action increases the likelihood of follow-through (Leventhal et al, 1965).
All text messages begin with the test message, followed by a standard reminder message that
is constant across the messages and the participants GP practice phone number.
The chosen messages are no text message, a neutral message; a messenger; two social norms; a
gain frame and a loss frame highlighting the benefits of cervical screening.
Neutral Reminder
The neutral message will not "nudge" but simply remind the woman to book a cervical screening
appointment, acting as a direct reminder of the letter invitation sent out as normal
practice. It will act as a control for the other types of message.
"Your cervical smear test is due. To book please call "
Messenger Reminder
Some evidence suggests that people respond better to invitations from their personal practice
rather than a centralised NHS organisation (Segan et al, 1998; Arbyn et al, 2010). This is
especially true of young women, immigrants, urban residents and those with low socioeconomic
status, which are key demographics we hope to improve uptake in through this intervention
(Bosgraaf et al, 2013).
": Your cervical smear test is due. To book please call "
Social Norms Messages
Social norms messages focus on the principal that people have a tendency to overestimate the
extent to which their peers perform acts, causing themselves or others harm. Evidence
suggests educating people about the actual degree to which people perform these acts can
alter behaviour (Perkins et al, 2002). This theory, combined with the fact that people are
strongly influenced by comparison to what others do will hopefully prompt women to take up
the offer of cervical screening. We have also chosen to use a local statistics as
personalised messages have a greater influence as they increase the relevance of the message
to the women (Institute for government: Cabinet Office, 2010)
1. Social Norms (local, proportion) reminder:
"Last year in Hillingdon 7 out of 10 women took part in cervical screening. Your
cervical smear test is due. To book please call "
2. Social Norms (local, total number) reminder:
"Last year 12000 women in Hillingdon took part in cervical screening. Your cervical smear
test is due. To book please call "
Gain and Loss Frame Messages
The role gain and loss frame messengers to encourage uptake of good health behaviour is not
entirely clear. Some evidence points to humans having "have a stronger aversion to losses
than we do affinity to gains" therefore highlighting losses may have a greater impact
(Blumenthal-Barby & Burroughs, 2012). On the other hand a meta-analysis found that gain frame
was more likely to be effective in changing prevention behaviour. (Gallagher, 2001). To
evaluate this further a gain and loss frame message were included above. Statistics included
in these messages were taken from (Peto, 2004) and correlate to widely used statistics on
cancerscreening.nhs.uk to maintain consistency with other information women might be seeing.
1. Gain frame
"Cervical cancer screening saves 4500 lives in England every year. Your cervical smear
test is due. To book please call "
2. Loss frame
"Failing to attend cervical screening could lead to 4500 avoidable deaths in England each
year. Your cervical smear test is due. To book please call "
POTENTIAL ETHICAL ISSUES
The main ethical issue is that in order to analyse the data, the researcher will need to
access minimal amounts of patient data. The researcher will specifically need to access a
list of women in Hillingdon who are sent an invitation to cervical screening on a weekly
basis, if they are registered with a consenting GP. All participating GPs (which to date
include over 85% of those approached for the trial) have consented to share relevant data
with the research team and are happy with the safeguards put in place to protect
confidentiality. These include NHS secure emails, password protection on all patient data,
anonymisation of data (identifiable by NHS number only) and strict adherence to all NHS
information governance regulations.
On this list, each participant will be identified by their NHS number, and this will be the
only unique identifier. The researcher will also need information about their age (not date
of birth), participants "attended/not attended status" at the end of the 18 week follow up
period and the GP practice code, to ensure we only include women registered with consenting
GPs. We would also like to access the second half of participants' postcode to allow for a
basic deprivation analysis.
Before accessing this information we will offer women the option to opt out of the research
and therefore not share this data or receive a text message reminder. This will be achieved
by the cervical screening (call-recall) team adding an insert on behalf of the GP, into the
screening invitation letter to all eligible women. This insert will provide informed consent
slip and contact details of the researcher if women would like further information. They will
have 2 weeks to respond and be removed from the study.
As an extension of this research, the trial will also investigate how variations in the
wording of the text messages affect uptake. This wording has been carefully selected with the
guidance of the NHS Cervical Screening Program (NHSCSP) as well as Public Health England
psychology experts and any data within the text messages is up to date and sourced from the
NHSCS.
Study Type
Interventional
Primary Outcome
Intention to treat analysis
Secondary Outcome
Attendance by age (control vs interventions)
Condition
Cervical Carcinoma
Intervention
Neutral text message reminder
Study Arms / Comparison Groups
No intervention, 24-29 years
Description: No intervention, group 24-29 years. Women will receive the written invitation to screening only
Publications
* Includes publications given by the data provider as well as publications identified by National Clinical Trials Identifier (NCT ID) in Medline.
Recruitment Information
Recruitment Status
Other
Estimated Enrollment
14597
Start Date
February 2015
Completion Date
February 2016
Primary Completion Date
February 2016
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Women aged 24-64 years being invited for cervical screening during the course of the study.
Women included in the study will be registered with a GP Practice that has agreed to
participate in the trial.
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients who opt-out, Patients who have had a hysterectomy, Patients who have informed GP
practices of preference to not be screened, Patients Cervical cancer
Gender
Female
Ages
24 Years - 64 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Contacts
Deborah Cunningham, ,
Location Countries
United Kingdom
Location Countries
United Kingdom
Administrative Informations
NCT ID
NCT02363088
Organization ID
14IC2120
Responsible Party
Sponsor-Investigator
Study Sponsor
Sarah Huf
Study Sponsor
Deborah Cunningham, Study Director, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
Verification Date
October 2018