Torsion dystonia is a disease characterized by painful muscle contractions resulting in uncontrollable distortions. This specific type of dystonia is found in children, with symptoms starting around the ages of 11 or 12. It commonly begins with contractions in one general area such as an arm or a leg that continue to progress throughout the rest of the body. It takes roughly 5 years for the symptoms to completely progress to a debilitating state.
Torsion dystonia 7: A rare inherited movement disorder where the patient suffers involuntary muscle contractions and distortion of body position. Usually the onset of symptoms is focused on one part of the body, usually the neck, eyes or hands.
Torsion dystonia with onset in infancy: A rare inherited movement disorder where the patient suffers involuntary muscle contractions and distortion of body position. The disorder occurs during infancy and tends to affect the legs severely and the face and arms to a lesser degree.
Torticollis, keloids, cryptorchidism, renal dysplasia: A rare genetic condition characterized by undescended testes, kidney defects, torticollis and the formation of keloids which are scar-like elevations on the skin. The symptoms occur in males though females carriers can have mild symptoms.
Torticollis, familial (medical condition): A familial neck disorder where the neck movement is limited and the head is tilted to one side.
Torulopsis (medical condition): A type of yeast infection caused by Torulopsis glabrata. The fungus is often found in normal healthy skin, respiratory system, genitourinary system and gastrointestinal system and it generally only becomes a problem in weakened or immunocompromised people. They type of symptoms are determined by where and how severe the infection is.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) in which all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous circulation.(Normally, pulmonary venous return carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium where it can then be pumped to the rest of the body). A patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect must be present, or else the condition is fatal due to a lack of systemic blood flow.
An inherited form of cataract which is present at birth and involves opacity of the whole lens.
Total Hypotrichosis, Mari type: A rare inherited form of congenital alopecia (hair loss). It occurs primarily in the Mari population in a part of Russia.
Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome: A skin and bone condition characterized abnormal skin, finger clubbing and limb swelling.
Tourette syndrome is a complex neurological disorder that is characterized by repetitive, sudden, uncontrolled (involuntary) movements and sounds (vocalizations) called tics. Tourette syndrome is named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette, a French physician and neurologist, who first described this disorder in 1885. A variety of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Tourette syndrome. A small number of people with Tourette syndrome have been found to have mutations involving the SLITRK1 gene. The syndrome is believed to be linked to problems in certain areas of the brain, and the chemical substances (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) that help nerve cells talk to one another.
It is estimated that about 1% of the population has Tourette syndrome. Many people with very mild tics may not be aware of them and never seek medical help. Tourette syndrome is four times as likely to occur in boys as in girls. Although Tourette syndrome can be a chronic condition with symptoms lasting a lifetime, most people with the condition experience their worst symptoms in their early teens, with improvement occurring in the late teens and continuing into adulthood.
Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare genetic disease that affects fewer than 200 people in the entire world.[1] It affects both males and females equally.[2] The condition was first identified in 1972.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a severe skin reaction most often triggered by particular medications. Although Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis were once thought to be separate conditions, they are now considered part of a continuum. Stevens-Johnson syndrome represents the less severe end of the disease spectrum, and toxic epidermal necrolysis represents the more severe end.
These disorders are differentiated by the degree of skin detachment. The consensus definition published in 1993 states that SJS affects less than 10% of the body surface area; TEN affects more than 30% of the body surface area. The intermediate form, with 10 to 30 percent body surface area involvement, is called "SJS/TEN." Although there was initially debate about whether TEN and SJS fall on a spectrum of disease that includes erythema multiforme (EM), they are now considered separate conditions.
The reaction may start with a persistent fever and nonspecific, flu-like symptoms followed by appearance of erythematous macules (red spots) that may cover a large part of the body, and painful blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. The eyes are often involved. Numerous drugs have been reported to cause SJS and TEN and the following have shown an increased risk in larger studies: antibacterial sulfonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of the oxicam type, certain anti-seizure drugs (antiepileptics), allopurinol and nevirapine. However, approximately one quarter (25%) of cases are not caused by drugs, but potentially by infections or have to be considered as idiopathic (of unknown cause).
Individuals suspected of SJS or TEN should immediately stop taking the offending drug if it is known and all nonessential medications if it is not. Prompt recognition and early treatment are essential. It is also important to note that these disorders represent a spectrum of disease ranging from mild cases to those with severe, life-threatening complications. Consequently, every case is unique and the description of symptoms below will not apply to all individuals.
Subdivisions of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis:
Toxocariasis or toxocarosis is a helminthic infection of humans caused by the dog or cat roundworm, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, respectively. Humans can become infected by ingestion of embryonated eggs (containing fully developed larva, L3) from contaminated sources. There are two main syndromes: visceral larva migrans (VLM), which encompasses diseases associated with major organs; and ocular larva migrans (OLM), in which toxocariasis pathological effects on the host are restricted to the eye and the optic nerve.[1]
Tracheal agenesis, often referred to as Tracheascrosis, is a noninfectious disease that is due to hereditary and environmental causes. It is an extremely rare disease, and is predominately located in the North America, particularly the American Southwest. It is a nonfatal disease, but with cause severe trauma to the throat, and vocal cords.
Cancer of the trachea is rare and only makes up about 0.1% (1 in 1,000) of all cancers. The most common types of tracheal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Squamous cell cancers start in the cells that line different parts of the body, such as the airways, the mouth and the gullet. Adenoid cystic cancers are rarer and develop from glandular tissue. They can develop in different parts of the body but more commonly in the head and neck area.
Tracheobronchomalacia: A rare condition where delayed development of the cartilage that makes up the trachea results in excessive collapsibility of the trachea resulting in breathing difficulty
Tracheobronchomegaly: Another name for Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (or close medical condition association). marked dilatation of the trachea and the mainstem bronchi that is frequently associated with respiratory infections. The aetiology of this syndrome remains unknown. Pathologically, atrophy and absence of elastic tissue, collagen and muscular elements result in dilatation of the cartilaginous skeleton and external protrusion of the intercartilaginous parts of the tracheal wall which induce diverticula.
Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica: A rare condition where bone or cartilage nodules develop in the walls of the trachea and main bronchi. The condition may stabilize or progress slowly but rarely does it affect airflow to a significant degree
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is commonly a birth defect, with the trachea connected to the esophagus. In most cases, the esophagus is discontinuous, causing immediate feeding difficulties. TEFs may develop in adult life, secondary to the invasion of cancer in the area. In addition, TEFs may be deliberately constructed with surgery to aid talking in a patient who has the larynx removed (a laryngectomy).
Ophanet, a consortium of European partners, currently defines a condition rare when if affects 1 person per 2,000.
Trachoma (also called granular conjunctivitis, Egyptian ophthalmia, and blinding trachoma), is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and possibly blindness. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections can result in a form of permanent blindness when the eyelids turn inward.
The bacteria that cause the disease can be spread by both direct and indirect contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Indirect contact includes through clothing or flies that have come into contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Children spread the disease more often than adults. Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and not enough clean water and toilets also increase spread.
Efforts to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and decreasing the number of people infected by treatment with antibiotics. This may include treating, all at once, whole groups of people in whom the disease is known to be common. Washing by itself is not enough to prevent disease but may be useful with other measures. Treatment options include oral azithromycin and topical tetracycline. Azithromycin is preferred because it can be used as a single oral dose. After scarring of the eyelid has occurred, surgery may be required to correct the position of the eyelashes and prevent blindness.
Globally, about 80 million people have an active infection. In some areas infections may be present in as many as 60–90% of children and it more commonly affects women than men likely due to their closer contact with children. The disease is the cause of a poor ability to see in 2.2 million people of which 1.2 million are completely blind. It commonly occurs in 53 countries of Africa, Asia, Central and South America with about 230 million people at risk. It results in 8 billion USD of economic losses a year. It belongs to a group of diseases known as neglected tropical diseases.
Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation, seizures and a skin disorder.
Transcobalamin 2 deficiency: A rare genetic syndrome involving a lack of transcobalamin 2 which is needed to transport vitamin B12 to various parts of the body.
Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn: A rare blistering skin disorder that affects infants and is inherited in a dominant manner. The blistering usually only occurs during the first year of life. The blisters tend to occur mainly on the extremities and other parts of the body that receive more friction.
Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood: A rare disorder where new red blood cells are not temporarily not produced. Symptoms become increasingly noticeable as the existing supply of mature red blood cells gradually die and aren't replaced. Symptoms improve once red blood cell production starts again. The condition is believed to possibly be triggered by a Parvovirus B19 infection.
Transient global amnesia is a sudden, temporary episode of memory loss that can't be attributed to a more common neurological condition, such as epilepsy, transient ischemic attack, stroke or head injury. During an episode of transient global amnesia, your recall of recent events simply vanishes, so you can't remember where you are or how you got there. You may also draw a blank when asked to remember things that happened a day, a month or even a year ago. You do remember who you are, and you recognize family members and others you have known for a long time, but that knowledge doesn't make your memory loss any less disturbing. Transient global amnesia would be even more distressing if it recurred more often or lasted longer than it does. The condition is rare to start with, and among the few who do have one episode, a second episode is uncommon. Also, episodes of transient global amnesia last only six hours, on average — although an episode of any length is frightening to witness or experience. When an episode of transient global amnesia is over, you remember nothing that happened while your memory was impaired, and you might not recall the hours beforehand. Otherwise, though, your memory is fine.