Diseases

triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for about 10-15% of all breast cancers. The term triple-negative breast cancer refers to the fact that the cancer cells don’t have estrogen or progesterone receptors (ER or PR) and also don’t make any or too much of the protein called HER2. (The cells test “negative” on all 3 tests.) These cancers tend to be more common in women younger than age 40, who are Black, or who have a BRCA1 mutation. TNBC differs from other types of invasive breast cancer in that it tends to grow and spread faster, has fewer treatment options, and tends to have a worse prognosis (outlook).

Trisomy 1 mosaicism

Trisomy 1 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 1 in some of the body's cells. This chromosomal abnormality is believed to result in death of the fertilized cells even before implantation in the uterus and hence no fetus ever develops with this disorder.

Trisomy 11 mosaicism

Trisomy 11 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 11 in some of the body's cells. Generally this chromosomal abnormality has not presented with any clinical symptoms that have been reported.

Trisomy 12 mosaicism

Trisomy 12 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 12 in some of the body's cells. Some cases with this chromosomal abnormality have no clinical symptoms. The presence of abnormalities in some cases is dependent on which body cells contain the chromosomal defect.

Trisomy 2 mosaicism

Trisomy 2 mosaicism: A rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 2 in some of the body's cells. Most cases with this chromosomal abnormality have no clinical symptoms. The presence of abnormalities in some cases is dependent on which body cells contain the chromosomal defect.

Trisomy 3 mosaicism

Trisomy 3 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 3 in some of the body's cells. Some cases with this chromosomal abnormality have no clinical symptoms. The presence of abnormalities in some cases is dependent on which body cells contain the chromosomal defect.

Trisomy 6

Trisomy 6 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 6 in some of the body's cells. Some cases with this chromosomal abnormality have no clinical symptoms. The presence of abnormalities in some cases is dependent on which body cells contain the chromosomal defect.

Trochlear dysplasia

Trochlear dysplasia: An unstable kneecap due to abnormal development of the kneecap.

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis

Main name of condition: Tropical Spastic Paraparesis.

Other names or spellings for Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Tropical spastic paraplegia, Retrovirus-Associated Myelopathy, HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy, TSP, Cassava syndrome, ataxic neuropathy of Nigeria

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A form of spastic partial paralysis of the lower limbs which occurs in the tropics. Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1). Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord .

Tropical sprue

Tropical sprue is a condition affecting the absorption of nutrients (malabsorption) that is common in the tropics and subtropics.

Trueb Burg Bottani syndrome

Trueb-Burg-Bottani syndrome: A very rare genetic syndrome characterized by hair, teeth and nail abnormalities as well as webbed fingers.

Trypanosomiasis- east-African

African trypanosomiasis [tri-PAN-o-SO-my a-sis], also called sleeping sickness, is a serious parasitic disease that is always fatal without treatment. The disease is spread by the bite of tsetse flies, found only in Africa. It occurs in two forms: East African trypanosomiasis and West African trypanosomiasis. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent African trypanosomiasis. Travelers to areas where the disease occurs should take precautions to avoid tsetse fly bites. African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, is a serious tropical disease that is always fatal without treatment. There are two types of African trypanosomiasis, named for the regions in Africa in which they are found: East African trypanosomiasis and West African trypanosomiasis.

Trypanosomiasis- west African

A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes Gambian or West African sleeping sickness in humans. The vector host is usually the tsetse fly (Glossina).

Tsao Ellingson syndrome

Tsao-Ellingson syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by spasms during infancy and broad thumbs.

Tsukahara Azuno Kajii syndrome

Tsukahara azuno kajii syndrome: Another name for Brachydactyly - dwarfism - mental retardation (or close medical condition association). Brachydactyly - dwarfism - mental retardation: A very rare syndrome characterized by short fingers, very short stature and mental retardation.

Tsukahara Kajii syndrome

Tsukahara kajii syndrome: Another name for Hypertrichosis, anterior cervical (or close medical condition association). Hypertrichosis, anterior cervical: A very rare syndrome characterized by abnormal and excessive hair growth at the front of the neck. The hair abnormality usually becomes apparent around the age of 3. Usually no other abnormalities are present.

Tsukuhara syndrome

Tsukuhara syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a curved spine, premature fusion of skull bones and a small head.

TUBB4A-Related Leukodystrophy

TUBB4A-related leukodystrophy is a rare genetic disorder affecting the brain’s white matter, leading to a range of symptoms from hypomyelination (underdeveloped myelin) to degeneration. It is primarily caused by mutations in the TUBB4A gene and often results in motor and developmental delays due to a lack of myelin, which insulates nerve fibers. The severity varies, with some individuals experiencing severe forms like Hypomyelination with Atrophy of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (H-ABC) presenting in early childhood, while others have milder, later-onset forms. 

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the skin. Other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, and Mycobacterium microti also cause tuberculosis, but these species are less common. The classic symptoms of tuberculosis are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. The diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), a tuberculin skin test, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Tuberculosis treatment is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics. Contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in (extensively) multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Prevention relies on screening programs and vaccination, usually with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG vaccine). Tuberculosis is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. One third of the world's current population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second. However, most of these cases will not develop the full-blown disease; asymptomatic, latent infection is most common. About one in ten of these latent infections will eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half of its victims. In 2004, mortality and morbidity statistics included 14.6 million chronic active cases, 8.9 million new cases, and 1.6 million deaths, mostly in developing countries. In addition, a rising number of people in the developed world are contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems are compromised by immunosuppressive drugs, substance abuse, or AIDS. The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe with about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries testing positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5-10% of the US population test positive. It is estimated that the US has 25,000 new cases of tuberculosis each year, 40% of which occur in immigrants from countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

Tuberculosis- pulmonary

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that mainly involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs.

Tuberculous meningitis

Tuberculous meningitis is also known as TB meningitis or tubercular meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the meninges—the system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. It is the most common form of CNS tuberculosis.

Tuberculous uveitis

Eye infection by a tuberculous bacteria called Mycobacteriu tuberculosis. The eye infection may occur secondary to a tuberculous infection of the rest of the body or it may occur only in the eye.

Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis complex is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous noncancerous (benign) tumors in many parts of the body. These tumors can occur in the skin, brain, kidneys, and other organs, in some cases leading to significant health problems. Tuberous sclerosis complex also causes developmental problems, and the signs and symptoms of the condition vary from person to person.

Virtually all affected people have skin abnormalities, including patches of unusually light-colored skin, areas of raised and thickened skin, and growths under the nails. Tumors on the face called facial angiofibromas are also common beginning in childhood.

Tuberous sclerosis complex often affects the brain, causing seizures, behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and aggression, and intellectual disability or learning problems. Some affected children have the characteristic features of autism, a developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction. Benign brain tumors can also develop in people withtuberous sclerosis complex; these tumors can cause serious or life-threatening complications.

Kidney tumors are common in people with tuberous sclerosis complex; these growths can cause severe problems with kidney function and may be life-threatening in some cases. Additionally, tumors can develop in the heart, lungs, and the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (theretina).

Tuberous sclerosis- type 1

A rare genetic disorder with a variety of abnormalities such as seizures, mental retardation, skin lesions and nodules in various body tissues and organs.

Tuberous sclerosis- type 2

A rare genetic condition characterized by mental and physical retardation, seizures and numerous benign tumors that can occur on the skin or in organs. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly depending on where the tumors occur.

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), also known as feto-fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS) and twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence (TOPS) is a complication of disproportionate blood supply, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. It can affect monochorionic multiples, that is, multiple pregnancies where two or more fetuses share a chorion and hence a single placenta. Severe TTTS has a 60–100% mortality rate.