Diseases

T-cell lymphoma

Lymphoma is the most common blood cancer. The two main forms of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Lymphoma occurs when cells of the immune system called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow and multiply uncontrollably. Cancerous lymphocytes can travel to many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood, or other organs, and form a mass called a tumor. The body has two main types of lymphocytes that can develop into lymphomas: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells).

T-cell lymphomas account for approximately 15 percent of all NHLs in the United States. A similar lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell shares many features with T-cells. When NK cells become cancerous, the cancer is called NK or NK/T-cell lymphoma and is generally grouped with other T-cell lymphomas. There are many different forms of T-cell lymphomas, some of which are extremely rare. T-cell lymphomas can be aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent (slow-growing).

Lymphomas are often, but not always, named from a description of the normal cell that leads to cancer. The general term peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) refers to the entire group of mature or "post-thymic" T-cell lymphomas (arise from mature T-cells), which distinguishes them from the immature T-cell lymphomas such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma. Under this broad meaning, almost all types of T-cell lymphoma fall under the category of PTCL. 

Common and uncommon types of T-cell lymphoma: 

- Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified

- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

- Angioimmunoblastic Lymphoma

- Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

- Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

- Blastic NK-cell Lymphoma

- Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma

- Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell Lymphoma

- Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

- Nasal NK/T-cell Lymphomas

- Treatment-related T-cell lymphomas

 

Takayasu’s arteritis

Takayasu's disease (also known as "aortic arch syndrome", "nonspecific aortoarteritis" and the "pulseless disease") is a form of large vessel granulomatous vasculitis with massive intimal fibrosis and vascular narrowing, affecting often young or middle-aged women of Asian descent. It mainly affects the aorta (the main blood vessel leaving the heart) and its branches, as well as the pulmonary arteries. Females are about 8–9 times more likely to be affected than males. Those with the disease often notice symptoms between 15 and 30 years of age. In the Western world, atherosclerosis is a more frequent cause of obstruction of the aortic arch vessels than Takayasu's arteritis. Takayasu's arteritis is similar to other forms of vasculitis, including giant cell arteritis which typically affects older individuals. Due to obstruction of the main branches of the aorta, including the left common carotid artery, the brachiocephalic artery, and the left subclavian artery, Takayasu's arteritis can present as pulseless upper extremities (arms, hands, and wrists with weak or absent pulses on the physical examination) which may be why it is also commonly referred to as the "pulseless disease". Involvement of renal arteries may lead to presentation as renovascular hypertension.

Tako-Tsubo syndrome

Abnormal functioning of the left heart ventricle. It is a heart disease caused by extreme prolonged stress.

Talipes equinovarus

A clubfoot, or talipes equinovarus[1] (TEV), is a birth defect. TEV is classified into 2 groups Postural TEV or Structural TEV. Without treatment, persons afflicted often appear to walk on their ankles, or on the sides of their feet. It is a common birth defect, occurring in about one in every 1,000 live births. Approximately 50% of cases of clubfoot are bilateral. In most cases it is an isolated dysmelia. This occurs in males more often than in females by a ratio of 2:1. There are different causes for clubfoot depending on what classification it is given. Structural TEV is caused by: genetic factors, such as Edwards syndrome, a genetic defect with three copies of chromosome 18. Growth arrests at roughly 9 weeks and compartment syndrome of the affect limb are also causes of Structural TEV. Genetic influences increase dramatically with family history. It was previously assumed that postural TEV could be caused by external influences in the final trimester such as intrauterine compression from oligohydramnios or from amniotic band syndrome. However, this is countered by findings that TEV does not occur more frequently than usual when the intrauterine space is restricted. [2] Breach Birth presentation is also another known cause. TEV may be associated with other birth defects such as spina bifida cystica. Use of MDMA (Ecstasy) and smoking [3] while pregnant has been linked with this congenital abnormality

Talonavicular coalition

Tarsal coalition is a condition in which 2 or more bones in the midfoot or hindfoot are joined. The most common types of coalitions are those between the calcaneus and either the talus or the navicular bones. Patients with this congenital condition usually present during late childhood or adolescence, but presentations in adulthood have been reported. The condition usually presents as recurrent sprains and pain in the midfoot and has been associated with peroneal spastic flatfoot, fixed flatfoot, and other abnormalities of the foot (also see the eMedicine article Acquired Flatfoot and the Medscape article Flat Feet). Radiographic evaluation has been revolutionized by the use of CT scanning. Early treatment usually involves conservative modalities, including immobilization, while surgical intervention includes resection of the coalition or arthrodesis of degenerated painful joints

Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome

A rare syndrome characterized by enlarged liver and spleen, increased pigmentation and abnormal peripheral nerve functioning

Tangier disease

Tangier disease is a rare autosomal recessive familial disorder of cholesterol metabolism, characterized by significantly reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood, reduced total cholesterol, and increased triglyceride levels in serum. HDL transports cholesterol and certain fats called phospholipids from the body's tissues to the liver, where they are removed from the blood. HDL is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because high levels of this substance reduce the chances of developing heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Tangier disease is clinically characterized by liver, spleen, lymph node and tonsil enlargement along with peripheral neuropathy in children and adolescents, and, occasionally, cardiovascular disease in adults.

TAR syndrome

A rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence of radial bones of both forearms and thrombocytopenia.

Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is a condition that may develop in patients who use metoclopramide, a drug sold under brand names such as Reglan in the United States. When a patient has been taking certain prescription drugs over a long period of time, often in high dosages, involuntary, repetitive tic-like movements can result, primarily in the facial muscles or (less commonly) the limbs, fingers and toes. The hips and torso may also be affected.

Dyskinesia refers to the involuntary nature of muscular movements or the difficulty in performing voluntary muscular movement. Tardive means a condition has the tendency to appear late. Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can develop and persist long after use of the medication causing the disorder has been discontinued. Tardive dyskinesia can appear similar to other types of disorders, most notably Tourette's syndrome.

Tarlov cysts

Perineurial (Tarlov) cysts are meningeal dilations of the posterior spinal nerve root sheath that most often affect sacral roots and can cause a progressive painful radiculopathy. Tarlov cysts are most commonly diagnosed by lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging and can often be demonstrated by computerized tomography myelography to communicate with the spinal subarachnoid space. The cyst can enlarge via a net inflow of cerebrospinal fluid, eventually causing symptoms by distorting, compressing, or stretching adjacent nerve roots. It is generally agreed that asymptomatic Tarlov cysts do not require treatment. When symptomatic, the potential surgery-related benefit and the specific surgical intervention remain controversial. The authors describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and results of surgical cyst fenestration, partial cyst wall resection, and myofascial flap repair and closure in a case of a symptomatic sacral Tarlov cyst. They review the medical literature, describe various theories on the origin and pathogenesis of Tarlov cysts, and assess alternative treatment strategies

TARP syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by an abnormal foot position (talipes), congenital heart defect small jaw, cleft soft palate and a tongue abnormality (glossoptosis)

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (posterior tibial nerve neuralgia) is pain along the course of the posterior tibial nerve, usually resulting from nerve compression within the tarsal tunnel. At the level of the ankle, the posterior tibial nerve passes through a fibro-osseous canal and divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves. Tarsal tunnel syndrome refers to compression of the nerve within this canal, but the term has been loosely applied to neuralgia of the posterior tibial nerve resulting from any cause. Synovitis of the flexor tendons of the ankle caused by abnormal foot function, inflammatory arthritis (eg, RA), fracture, and ankle venous stasis edema are contributing factors. Patients with hypothyroidism may develop tarsal tunnel–like symptoms as a result of perineural mucin deposition

TAU syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by reduced blood platelet level and absent ulna bone (forearm bone).

Taurodontism

Taurodontism is a condition found in teeth where the body of the tooth and pulp chamber is enlarged. As a result, the floor of the pulp and the furcation of the tooth is moved apically down the root. The term means "bull like" teeth derived from similarity of these teeth to those of ungulate or cud chewing animals. According to Shaw these can be classified as hypotaurodont, hypertaurodont and mesotaurodont. According to Mangion taurodontism may be: 1. A retrograde character 2. A primitive pattern 3. Mendalian recessive character 4. Atavistic feature 5. A mutation The condition is of anthropological importance as it was seen in Neanderthals. It has also been reported in Klinefelter's syndrome. The teeth involved are invariably molars, sometimes single and at the other times multiple teeth may be involved. The teeth themselves may look normal and do not have any particular anatomical character on clinical examination. On dental radiograph, the involved tooth looks rectangular in shape without apical taper. The pulp chamber is extremely large and the furcations may be only a few millimeters long at times

Tay Sachs disease

Tay–Sachs disease ( GM2 gangliosidosis or hexosaminidase A deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. In its most common variant (known as infantile Tay–Sachs disease), it causes a progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around six months of age and usually results in death by the age of four. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of cell membrane components known as gangliosides accumulate in the brain's nerve cells, eventually leading to the premature death of the cells. A ganglioside is a form of sphingolipid, which makes Tay–Sachs disease a member of the sphingolipidoses. There is no known cure or treatment.

The disease is named after the British ophthalmologist Waren Tay, who in 1881 first described a symptomatic red spot on the retina of the eye; and after the American neurologist Bernard Sachs of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, who described in 1887 the cellular changes of Tay–Sachs disease and noted an increased disease prevalence in Ashkenazi Jewish people.

Teebi syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized primarily by widely spaced eyes and other head and face abnormalities

Telencephalic leukoencephalopathy

Neurological disease of the brain where the protective sheaths covering the nerves in the brains are destroyed or fail to develop properly

Telfer Sugar Jaeger syndrome

A rare genetic disorder characterized by patches of skin depigmentation as well as neurological problems such as incoordination, deafness and mental retardation.

Temporal arteritis

Temporal arteritis (TA), also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA), is a common form of systemic vasculopathy affecting patients older than 5 years. Although typically affecting the superficial temporal arteries, this inflammatory process has been shown to involve medium- and large-sized vessels, including the aorta, carotid, subclavian, vertebral, and iliac arteries. Therefore, “giant cell arteritis” may be more appropriate than “temporal arteritis” to identify this type of vasculitis, though both terms are used interchangeably.

Temporomandibular ankylosis

Temporo-mandibular ankylosis: A disorder involving stiffness or fusion of the jaw joint which affects the ability of the jaw to open and close normally. The condition may occur congenitally or may be acquired through such things as trauma