Diseases

Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is a condition that may develop in patients who use metoclopramide, a drug sold under brand names such as Reglan in the United States. When a patient has been taking certain prescription drugs over a long period of time, often in high dosages, involuntary, repetitive tic-like movements can result, primarily in the facial muscles or (less commonly) the limbs, fingers and toes. The hips and torso may also be affected.

Dyskinesia refers to the involuntary nature of muscular movements or the difficulty in performing voluntary muscular movement. Tardive means a condition has the tendency to appear late. Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can develop and persist long after use of the medication causing the disorder has been discontinued. Tardive dyskinesia can appear similar to other types of disorders, most notably Tourette's syndrome.

Tarlov cysts

Perineurial (Tarlov) cysts are meningeal dilations of the posterior spinal nerve root sheath that most often affect sacral roots and can cause a progressive painful radiculopathy. Tarlov cysts are most commonly diagnosed by lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging and can often be demonstrated by computerized tomography myelography to communicate with the spinal subarachnoid space. The cyst can enlarge via a net inflow of cerebrospinal fluid, eventually causing symptoms by distorting, compressing, or stretching adjacent nerve roots. It is generally agreed that asymptomatic Tarlov cysts do not require treatment. When symptomatic, the potential surgery-related benefit and the specific surgical intervention remain controversial. The authors describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and results of surgical cyst fenestration, partial cyst wall resection, and myofascial flap repair and closure in a case of a symptomatic sacral Tarlov cyst. They review the medical literature, describe various theories on the origin and pathogenesis of Tarlov cysts, and assess alternative treatment strategies

TARP syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by an abnormal foot position (talipes), congenital heart defect small jaw, cleft soft palate and a tongue abnormality (glossoptosis)

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (posterior tibial nerve neuralgia) is pain along the course of the posterior tibial nerve, usually resulting from nerve compression within the tarsal tunnel. At the level of the ankle, the posterior tibial nerve passes through a fibro-osseous canal and divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves. Tarsal tunnel syndrome refers to compression of the nerve within this canal, but the term has been loosely applied to neuralgia of the posterior tibial nerve resulting from any cause. Synovitis of the flexor tendons of the ankle caused by abnormal foot function, inflammatory arthritis (eg, RA), fracture, and ankle venous stasis edema are contributing factors. Patients with hypothyroidism may develop tarsal tunnel–like symptoms as a result of perineural mucin deposition

TAU syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by reduced blood platelet level and absent ulna bone (forearm bone).

Taurodontism

Taurodontism is a condition found in teeth where the body of the tooth and pulp chamber is enlarged. As a result, the floor of the pulp and the furcation of the tooth is moved apically down the root. The term means "bull like" teeth derived from similarity of these teeth to those of ungulate or cud chewing animals. According to Shaw these can be classified as hypotaurodont, hypertaurodont and mesotaurodont. According to Mangion taurodontism may be: 1. A retrograde character 2. A primitive pattern 3. Mendalian recessive character 4. Atavistic feature 5. A mutation The condition is of anthropological importance as it was seen in Neanderthals. It has also been reported in Klinefelter's syndrome. The teeth involved are invariably molars, sometimes single and at the other times multiple teeth may be involved. The teeth themselves may look normal and do not have any particular anatomical character on clinical examination. On dental radiograph, the involved tooth looks rectangular in shape without apical taper. The pulp chamber is extremely large and the furcations may be only a few millimeters long at times

Tay Sachs disease

Tay–Sachs disease ( GM2 gangliosidosis or hexosaminidase A deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. In its most common variant (known as infantile Tay–Sachs disease), it causes a progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around six months of age and usually results in death by the age of four. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of cell membrane components known as gangliosides accumulate in the brain's nerve cells, eventually leading to the premature death of the cells. A ganglioside is a form of sphingolipid, which makes Tay–Sachs disease a member of the sphingolipidoses. There is no known cure or treatment.

The disease is named after the British ophthalmologist Waren Tay, who in 1881 first described a symptomatic red spot on the retina of the eye; and after the American neurologist Bernard Sachs of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, who described in 1887 the cellular changes of Tay–Sachs disease and noted an increased disease prevalence in Ashkenazi Jewish people.

Teebi syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized primarily by widely spaced eyes and other head and face abnormalities

Telencephalic leukoencephalopathy

Neurological disease of the brain where the protective sheaths covering the nerves in the brains are destroyed or fail to develop properly

Telfer Sugar Jaeger syndrome

A rare genetic disorder characterized by patches of skin depigmentation as well as neurological problems such as incoordination, deafness and mental retardation.

Temporal arteritis

Temporal arteritis (TA), also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA), is a common form of systemic vasculopathy affecting patients older than 5 years. Although typically affecting the superficial temporal arteries, this inflammatory process has been shown to involve medium- and large-sized vessels, including the aorta, carotid, subclavian, vertebral, and iliac arteries. Therefore, “giant cell arteritis” may be more appropriate than “temporal arteritis” to identify this type of vasculitis, though both terms are used interchangeably.

Temporomandibular ankylosis

Temporo-mandibular ankylosis: A disorder involving stiffness or fusion of the jaw joint which affects the ability of the jaw to open and close normally. The condition may occur congenitally or may be acquired through such things as trauma

Temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome

Temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by mental retardation, deafness, retarded growth, finger abnormalities and various other anomalies.

Temtamy syndrome

Temtamy syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by a brain abnormality, unusual facial appearance and eye coloboma.

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors (TGCTs)

Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs) are a group of rare, typically non-life-threatening tumors that involve the synovium, bursae and tendon sheath. Synovium is the thin layer of tissue or membrane that covers the inner surface of the joint spaces and the bursae and tendon sheaths. The bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that cushion bones, tendons and muscles around the joints. A tendon sheath is a layer membrane that covers a tendon. Tendons are fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.

These tumors cause the affected synovium, bursae or tendon sheaths to thicken and overgrow. They are benign, which means they are not cancerous and do not spread to other areas of the body (metastasize). However, they can grow and cause damage to the surrounding tissue and structures of the affected limb. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, tenderness, warmth at the location and limitation of movement of the joint. Large or small joints can be affected depending upon the tumor subtype. In localized TGCT, smaller joints tend to be affected, such as digits and parts of the foot. In diffuse TGCT, large joints tend to be involved, most commonly the knee. Surgery is often the initial treatment option. However, depending on the subtype, the tumor can recur, particularly in diffuse TGCT which was previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). If untreated or if the tumor continually recurs, they can result in damage and degeneration of the affected joint and surrounding tissues or structures. Sometimes, they can cause significant disability. In rare cases, amputation is warranted.

Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is a disease in which cells become malignant (cancerous) in one or both testicles.

source: Cancer

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs) are the most common testicular cancers, arising from sperm precursor cells (germ cells), prevalent in young men (15-35) and highly treatable. They primarily fall into Seminomas and Nonseminomas, with mixed tumors treated as nonseminomas. Risk factors include undescended testicles, family history, and certain genetic predispositions, while they are characterized by sensitivity to chemotherapy, often leading to excellent outcomes, though long-term effects and fertility preservation are key concerns. 

Testotoxicosis

Puberty is the process of physical maturation manifested by an increase in growth rate and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. Precocious puberty is typically defined as the appearance of any sign of secondary sexual maturation in boys younger than 9 years, in white girls younger than 7 years, and in black girls younger than 6 years. 

source: eMedicine

Testotoxicosis is also named : Precocious puberty, male limited; Sexual precocity, familial, gonadotropin-independent; Pubertas Praecox; Familial Testotoxicosis (subtype).

Tetanus

Tetanus is an infection characterized by muscle spasms. In the most common type the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body. These spasms usually last a few minutes each time and occur frequently for three to four weeks. Spasms may be so severe that bone fractures may occur. Other symptoms may include: fever, sweating, headache, trouble swallowing, high blood pressure, and a fast heart rate. Onset of symptoms is typically three to twenty one days following infection. It may take months to recover. About 10% of those infected die.

Tetra-amelia Syndrome

Tetra-Amelia Syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by the absence of all four limbs.