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<p>The hypothesis of this study proposal is that <strong>pediatric urinary stone formers</strong> have genetic risk factors which predispose their urinary stone production. 50-60% of pediatric stone patients have a positive family history of <strong>urinary stone disease</strong>. <strong>Several genetic mutations have been identified</strong> which predispose patients to various types of urinary stones. These genetic mutations can also lead to other significant sequela besides stones, including osteopenia/osteoporosis (bone loss). Furthermore, metabolic abnormalities can be identified in more than 50% of pediatric stone formers, some of which can be improved/alleviated with medical intervention to help decrease rate of stone formation and the need for hospitalization and surgical intervention.</p>