Paget’s disease of the breast
Overview
Paget's (PAJ-uts) disease of the breast is a rare form of breast cancer, accounting for less than 5 percent of all breast cancers. Paget's disease of the breast starts in the breast ducts and extends to the skin of the nipple and to the dark circle of skin (areola) around the nipple. Paget's disease of the breast isn't related to Paget's disease of the bone, a metabolic bone disease. Paget's disease of the breast occurs most often in women over age 50. Most women with Paget's disease of the breast have underlying infiltrating ductal breast cancer. Only in rare cases is the cancer confined to the nipple itself.
Symptoms
Possible signs and symptoms of Paget's disease of the breast include: * Flaky or scaly skin on your nipple * Crusty, oozing or hardened skin resembling eczema, on the nipple, areola or both * Redness * Itching * A burning sensation * Straw-colored or bloody nipple discharge * A flattened or inverted nipple * Affected areas beyond the nipple and areola * A distinct lump underneath the nipple and areola * Skin and nipple changes usually in one breast only * Fluctuating skin changes early on, making it appear as if your skin is healing on its own
Causes
Doctors don't know what causes Paget's disease of the breast. But one widely accepted theory is that Paget's disease of the breast results from an underlying ductal or invasive breast cancer. Cancer cells from the original tumor travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin (areola). Another theory suggests that normal cells on the surface of your nipple spontaneously transform into cancer cells. In rare cases of Paget's disease of the breast, no underlying breast cancer can be found.
Prevention
You can't avoid certain risk factors for breast cancer, such as your age, genetics or family history. But other factors that could increase your chances of developing breast cancer are well within your control. Healthy lifestyle habits, such as getting enough exercise, limiting alcohol and eating right, may offer you some protection from breast cancer. Certain medications and surgical procedures may help reduce your chance of developing breast cancer. Preventive medications do have potential side effects, however, and risk-reducing surgery isn't the best option for everyone. Discuss your personal risk of developing breast cancer with your doctor and ask whether you would be a candidate for some therapy that may reduce that risk.
Diagnosis
* Clinical breast exam and physical exam. During this exam, your doctor checks for unusual areas in your breasts, noting the appearance of the skin on and around your nipples and feeling for any lumps or areas of thickening. * Mammography. Undergoing mammography — an X-ray exam of your breast tissue — may indicate whether the nipple and skin changes are also linked to an underlying breast cancer, as is often the case in Paget's disease of the breast. Even if results from mammography don't reveal any signs of breast cancer, your doctor may want to follow up with alternative imaging tests, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to be certain there's no underlying breast cancer. * Breast biopsy. During a biopsy, your doctor obtains a small sample of tissue from the skin of your nipple for examination under a microscope. If you have nipple discharge, a sample of the discharge might also be collected for microscopic examination. If cancer cells are detected in the samples collected, you may be referred to a breast surgeon to discuss treatment options.
Prognosis
As with other breast cancers, the prognosis of Paget's disease depends on the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes and other organs.
Treatment
Paget's disease of the breast usually requires surgery. Which type of surgery you need depends on the condition of the skin around your nipple and how advanced the underlying cancer is. Surgical options include: * Simple mastectomy. This procedure involves removing your entire breast, but not the lymph nodes in your armpit (axillary lymph nodes). Simple mastectomy might be recommended in cases in which an underlying noninvasive breast cancer exists but hasn't spread to the lymph nodes. * Lumpectomy. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) involves removing only the diseased portion of your breast. Your surgeon removes your nipple and areola along with a wedge- or cone-shaped section of your breast. The surgeon focuses on removing as little breast tissue as possible, while ensuring that the tissue removed includes an outer margin free of cancer cells so that only healthy cells remain. Lumpectomy to treat Paget's disease of the breast almost always requires follow-up radiation therapy as adjuvant treatment. Lumpectomy wouldn't be recommended if you can't have radiation therapy for some reason. Nipple reconstruction may be an option after your treatment. Sentinel lymph node biopsy Anytime invasive breast cancer is present, the lymph nodes under your arm (axillary lymph nodes) need to be checked to see if the cancer has spread to this area. This can be done in a procedure known as a sentinel lymph node biopsy. During the biopsy, your surgeon locates the sentinel nodes — the first lymph nodes to receive the drainage from breast tumors and therefore the first place cancer cells will travel. If a sentinel node is removed, examined and found to be normal, the chance of finding cancer in any of the remaining nodes is small and no other nodes need to be removed. If the sentinel node tests positive for the presence of cancer cells, you may need to have more lymph nodes removed. Adjuvant therapy After your operation, your doctor may recommend additional treatment (adjuvant therapy) with anti-cancer drugs or hormone therapy to prevent a recurrence of your breast cancer. This depends on the extent of your breast cancer and whether the tumor tests positive for certain characteristics, such as having estrogen or progesterone receptors.