Diseases

Toni-Debre-Fanconi syndrome

Toni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome: Another name for Toni-Fanconi syndrome type 1 (or close medical condition association).

Toni-Fanconi syndrome

Fanconi syndrome is a disorder of the kidney tubes in which certain substances normally absorbed into the bloodstream by the kidneys are released into the urine instead.

TORCH syndrome

TORCH Syndrome: Infection of a fetus by any of a group of infectious agents which have been transmitted from the mother through the placenta. The infections include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes virus, hepatitis and syphilis. The severity and nature of symptoms is determined by the type of infection.

Toriello Lacassie Droste syndrome

Toriello-Lacassie-Droste syndrome (medical condition): A very rare syndrome characterized by increased skin pigmentation, a localized absence of skin (aplasia cutis congenital) and epibulbar dermoids (a benign eye tumor).

Toriello syndrome

Toriello syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by brachial arch defects and other abnormalities such as short stature, mental retardation and small head.

Toriello-Carey syndrome

Toriello-Carey syndrome (medical condition): A very rare syndrome characterized by abnormal brain development, various facial anomalies, heart defects and other symptoms.

Torsion dystonia

Torsion dystonia is a disease characterized by painful muscle contractions resulting in uncontrollable distortions. This specific type of dystonia is found in children, with symptoms starting around the ages of 11 or 12. It commonly begins with contractions in one general area such as an arm or a leg that continue to progress throughout the rest of the body. It takes roughly 5 years for the symptoms to completely progress to a debilitating state.

Torsion dystonia 7

Torsion dystonia 7: A rare inherited movement disorder where the patient suffers involuntary muscle contractions and distortion of body position. Usually the onset of symptoms is focused on one part of the body, usually the neck, eyes or hands.

Torsion dystonia with onset in infancy

Torsion dystonia with onset in infancy: A rare inherited movement disorder where the patient suffers involuntary muscle contractions and distortion of body position. The disorder occurs during infancy and tends to affect the legs severely and the face and arms to a lesser degree.

Torticollis keloids cryptorchidism renal dysplasia

Torticollis, keloids, cryptorchidism, renal dysplasia: A rare genetic condition characterized by undescended testes, kidney defects, torticollis and the formation of keloids which are scar-like elevations on the skin. The symptoms occur in males though females carriers can have mild symptoms.

Torticollis- familial

Torticollis, familial (medical condition): A familial neck disorder where the neck movement is limited and the head is tilted to one side.

Torulopsis

Torulopsis (medical condition): A type of yeast infection caused by Torulopsis glabrata. The fungus is often found in normal healthy skin, respiratory system, genitourinary system and gastrointestinal system and it generally only becomes a problem in weakened or immunocompromised people. They type of symptoms are determined by where and how severe the infection is.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) in which all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous circulation.(Normally, pulmonary venous return carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium where it can then be pumped to the rest of the body). A patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect must be present, or else the condition is fatal due to a lack of systemic blood flow.

Total Hypotrichosis- Mari type

Total Hypotrichosis, Mari type: A rare inherited form of congenital alopecia (hair loss). It occurs primarily in the Mari population in a part of Russia.

Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome

Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome: A skin and bone condition characterized abnormal skin, finger clubbing and limb swelling.

Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome is a complex neurological disorder that is characterized by repetitive, sudden, uncontrolled (involuntary) movements and sounds (vocalizations) called tics. Tourette syndrome is named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette, a French physician and neurologist, who first described this disorder in 1885. A variety of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Tourette syndrome. A small number of people with Tourette syndrome have been found to have mutations involving the SLITRK1 gene. The syndrome is believed to be linked to problems in certain areas of the brain, and the chemical substances (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) that help nerve cells talk to one another. 

It is estimated that about 1% of the population has Tourette syndrome. Many people with very mild tics may not be aware of them and never seek medical help. Tourette syndrome is four times as likely to occur in boys as in girls. Although Tourette syndrome can be a chronic condition with symptoms lasting a lifetime, most people with the condition experience their worst symptoms in their early teens, with improvement occurring in the late teens and continuing into adulthood.

Townes-Brocks syndrome

Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare genetic disease that affects fewer than 200 people in the entire world.[1] It affects both males and females equally.[2] The condition was first identified in 1972.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a severe skin reaction most often triggered by particular medications. Although Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis were once thought to be separate conditions, they are now considered part of a continuum. Stevens-Johnson syndrome represents the less severe end of the disease spectrum, and toxic epidermal necrolysis represents the more severe end.

These disorders are differentiated by the degree of skin detachment. The consensus definition published in 1993 states that SJS affects less than 10% of the body surface area; TEN affects more than 30% of the body surface area. The intermediate form, with 10 to 30 percent body surface area involvement, is called "SJS/TEN." Although there was initially debate about whether TEN and SJS fall on a spectrum of disease that includes erythema multiforme (EM), they are now considered separate conditions.

The reaction may start with a persistent fever and nonspecific, flu-like symptoms followed by appearance of erythematous macules (red spots) that may cover a large part of the body, and painful blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. The eyes are often involved. Numerous drugs have been reported to cause SJS and TEN and the following have shown an increased risk in larger studies: antibacterial sulfonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of the oxicam type, certain anti-seizure drugs (antiepileptics), allopurinol and nevirapine. However, approximately one quarter (25%) of cases are not caused by drugs, but potentially by infections or have to be considered as idiopathic (of unknown cause).

Individuals suspected of SJS or TEN should immediately stop taking the offending drug if it is known and all nonessential medications if it is not. Prompt recognition and early treatment are essential. It is also important to note that these disorders represent a spectrum of disease ranging from mild cases to those with severe, life-threatening complications. Consequently, every case is unique and the description of symptoms below will not apply to all individuals.

Subdivisions of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis:

  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
  • SJS/TEN-overlap
  • Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

Toxocariasis

Toxocariasis or toxocarosis is a helminthic infection of humans caused by the dog or cat roundworm, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, respectively. Humans can become infected by ingestion of embryonated eggs (containing fully developed larva, L3) from contaminated sources. There are two main syndromes: visceral larva migrans (VLM), which encompasses diseases associated with major organs; and ocular larva migrans (OLM), in which toxocariasis pathological effects on the host are restricted to the eye and the optic nerve.[1]

Tracheal agenesis

Tracheal agenesis, often referred to as Tracheascrosis, is a noninfectious disease that is due to hereditary and environmental causes. It is an extremely rare disease, and is predominately located in the North America, particularly the American Southwest. It is a nonfatal disease, but with cause severe trauma to the throat, and vocal cords.

Tracheal Cancer

Cancer of the trachea is rare and only makes up about 0.1% (1 in 1,000) of all cancers. The most common types of tracheal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Squamous cell cancers start in the cells that line different parts of the body, such as the airways, the mouth and the gullet. Adenoid cystic cancers are rarer and develop from glandular tissue. They can develop in different parts of the body but more commonly in the head and neck area.

Tracheobronchomalacia

Tracheobronchomalacia: A rare condition where delayed development of the cartilage that makes up the trachea results in excessive collapsibility of the trachea resulting in breathing difficulty

Tracheobronchomegaly

Tracheobronchomegaly: Another name for Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (or close medical condition association). marked dilatation of the trachea and the mainstem bronchi that is frequently associated with respiratory infections. The aetiology of this syndrome remains unknown. Pathologically, atrophy and absence of elastic tissue, collagen and muscular elements result in dilatation of the cartilaginous skeleton and external protrusion of the intercartilaginous parts of the tracheal wall which induce diverticula.

Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica

Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica: A rare condition where bone or cartilage nodules develop in the walls of the trachea and main bronchi. The condition may stabilize or progress slowly but rarely does it affect airflow to a significant degree

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is commonly a birth defect, with the trachea connected to the esophagus. In most cases, the esophagus is discontinuous, causing immediate feeding difficulties. TEFs may develop in adult life, secondary to the invasion of cancer in the area. In addition, TEFs may be deliberately constructed with surgery to aid talking in a patient who has the larynx removed (a laryngectomy).