Diseases

Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck

Cancers that are known collectively as head and neck cancers usually begin in the squamous cells that line the moist, mucosal surfaces inside the head and neck (for example, inside the mouth, the nose, and the throat). These squamous cell cancers are often referred to as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. At least 75 % of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco and alcohol use. Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16, is a risk factor for some types of head and neck cancers. The symptoms of head and neck cancers may include a lump or a sore that does not heal, a sore throat that does not go away, difficulty in swallowing, and a change or hoarseness in the voice. Treatment for head and neck cancer can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of treatments.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal is a rare, increasing malignancy (2–4% of gastrointestinal cancers) often linked to HPV and HIV, predominantly affecting the squamous epithelium. Common symptoms include anal bleeding, pain, and, in some cases, a palpable mass. Standard treatment involves sphincter-preserving combined chemoradiation (Nigro protocol) rather than upfront surgery. 

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Squamous-cell carcinoma is a cancer of a kind of epithelial cell, the squamous cell. These cells are the main part of the epidermis of the skin, and this cancer is one of the major forms of skin cancer. However, squamous cells also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and other areas of the body, and SCC occurs as a form of cancer in diverse tissues, including the lips, mouth, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostate, lung, vagina, and cervix, among others. Despite sharing the name squamous-cell carcinoma, the SCCs of different body sites can show tremendous differences in their presenting symptoms, natural history, prognosis, and response to treatment.

SCC is a histologically distinct form of cancer. It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of cells of epithelium, or cells showing particular cytological or tissue architectural characteristics of squamous-cell differentiation, such as the presence of keratin, tonofilament bundles, or desmosomes, structures involved in cell-to-cell adhesion.

SCC typically initially occurs in the sixth decade of life (the 50s), but is most common in the eighth decade (the 70s). It is twice as prevalent in men as in women. People with darker skin are less at risk to develop SCC. Populations with fair skin, light hair, and blue/green/grey eyes are at highest risk of developing the disease. Frequent exposure to direct, strong sunlight without adequate topical protection also increases risk.

 

 

St. Anthony’s fire

Rose, St. Anthony's Fire, or R0S or Erysipelas, is an inflammation and swelling of the skin, which disappear upon pressure, but suddenly return; being attended with an ardent fever, the principal symptoms of which 3re drowsiness, and sometimes delirium. It frequently attacks the face, though other parts are not exempt from its influence.This eruptive disorder is very apt to change its place on the human body. In its progress, the redness extends over the contiguous parts, and usually vanishes from those previously affected. The inflammation, however, does not produce any remission of the fever, which, in some instances, even increases during the progressive eruption ; and, in general, continues for eight or ten days. When the inflammatory symptoms have prevailed for some time, vesicles of various sizes, containing a thin yellowish liquor, are usually observed to arise on different parts. Though the surface of the skin, thus blistered, sometimes assumes a livid hue, this circumstance is by no means alarming. On the contrary, the sound surface of the skin, scales off towards the end of the disease. If no delirium, or other affection of the brain intervene, the event is generally favourable ; but persons, who have once been attacked with the Rose, are liable to frequent returns, especially in the spring and autumn.

Stachybotrys chartarum

Stachybotrys chartarum: A toxic black slimy mold that can be found in damp indoor environments. Exposure can occur through the skin, ingestion or inhalation. It can causes conditions such as "sick building syndrome".

Stalker chitayat syndrome

Stalker-Chitayat syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by abnormal rotation of the intestines and an unusual facial appearance.

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Staphylococcal food poisoning results from eating food contaminated with toxins produced by certain types of staphylococci, resulting in diarrhea and vomiting. The staphylococci bacteria grow in food, in which they produce their toxins. Thus, staphylococcal food poisoning does not result from ingesting the bacteria but rather from ingesting the toxins that are already present in the contaminated food. Typical contaminated foods include custard, cream-filled pastry, milk, processed meats, and fish. The risk of an outbreak is high when food handlers with skin infections contaminate foods that are undercooked or left at room temperature.

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) STSS can happen following a streptococcus infection in the body, most often a skin infection or an infected wound. Within 48 hours of infection, blood pressure drops dangerously low, and the person may have fever, dizziness, confusion, difficulty breathing, and a weak and rapid pulse. The skin may be pale, cool, and moist, and there may be a rash that sometimes peels later on. The area around an infected wound can become swollen, red, and have areas of severely damaged or dying flesh. The liver and kidneys may begin to fail, and bleeding problems may develop.

Stargardt Disease

Stargardt disease is a genetic eye disorder that causes progressive vision loss. This disorder affects the retina, the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. Specifically, Stargardt macular degeneration affects a small area near the center of the retina called the macula. The macula is responsible for sharp central vision, which is needed for detailed tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. In most people with Stargardt macular degeneration, a fatty yellow pigment (lipofuscin) builds up in cells underlying the macula. Over time, the abnormal accumulation of this substance can damage cells that are critical for clear central vision.

Stargardt disease 3

Stargardt disease 3: A rare genetic eye disorder that affects children and involves degeneration of the macula which is responsible for central vision which allows detailed visual function such as reading. Type 3 is caused by a defect in the ELOVL4 gene.

Stargardt disease 4

Stargardt disease 4: A rare genetic eye disorder that affects children and involves degeneration of the macula which is responsible for central vision which allows detailed visual function such as reading. Type 4 is caused by a defect on chromosome 4.

Status epilepticus

Status epilepticus is a serious seizure disorder in which seizures do not stop. A seizure is a sudden disruption of the brain's normal electrical activity, which can cause a loss of consciousness and make the body twitch and jerk. This condition is a medical emergency.

Steatocystoma multiplex

Steatocystoma multiplex: A rare inherited disorder characterized by numerous skin cysts that may contain a thick substance called sebum. The cysts occur mainly on the chest, abdomen and front of neck.

Steatocystoma multiplex with natal teeth

Steatocystoma multiplex - natal teeth: A rare inherited disorder characterized by the presence of teeth at birth and the development of numerous skin cysts that may contain a thick substance called sebum. The cysts occur mainly on the chest, abdomen and front of neck.

Steinfeld syndrome

Steinfeld syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by kidney abnormalities, single brain lobe and a heart defect.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: A bacteria that is usually found in aquatic environments, is not very virulent and rarely infects humans. Most cases of infection tends to occur through use of hospital appliances such as catheters, I.V lines and breathing tubes in immunocompromised people.

Sterility due to immotile flagella

Sterility due to immotile flagella (medical condition): A very rare disorder where the cilia fail to move. The cilia are tiny, hair-like structures found in the respiratory and ear passages and help to clear debris and mucus. This results in increases risk of respiratory infections, sinusitis, ear infections and male infertility. The infertility results as the tails of sperm is basically cilia.

Stern Lubinsky Durrie syndrome

Stern Lubinsky Durrie syndrome (medical condition): A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by thick, scaly skin on the palms and soles, corneal changes and dental problems.

Sternal cleft

Sternal cleft: A rare birth defect where there is a cleft or a groove in the sternum which is the bone in the middle of the chest wall that joins the two sides of the rib cage. The cleft may be partial or complete.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are mucocutaneous drug-induced or idiopathic reaction patterns characterized by skin tenderness and erythema of skin and mucosa, followed by extensive cutaneous and mucosal exfoliulltion and are potentially life-threatening due to multi system involvement. SJS has been classified as a severe expression of erythema multiforme (EM), and is sometimes referred to as erythema multiforme major . The Stevens Johnson Syndrome Foundation said they have seen a rise in the disease involving children and ibuprofen use during 2004, but the disease is still not well known.

Stewart Treves syndrome

Stewart-Treves syndrome: A rare malignant tumor that tends to occur as a complication of chronic lymph gland blockage such as can occur after a mastectomy to remove breast cancer.

Stickler syndrome- type 1

Stickler Syndrome, type I: A rare genetic disorder characterized by joint problems, distinctive facial characteristics and eye and ear abnormalities. Type 1 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 12q13.11-q13.2.

Stickler syndrome- type 2

Stickler Syndrome, type II: A rare genetic disorder characterized by joint problems, distinctive facial characteristics and eye and ear abnormalities. Type 2 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 1p21.

Stickler syndrome- type 3

Stickler Syndrome, type III: A rare genetic disorder characterized by joint problems, distinctive facial characteristics and ear abnormalities. Type 3 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 6q21.3. Type 3 doesn't involve any of the eye problems that occur in type 1 and 2.

Stiff skin syndrome

Stiff skin syndrome (medical condition): A rare inherited disorder characterized mainly by very stiff, thick skin that can affect the ability to move joints