Guizar Vasquez Sanchez Manzano syndrome
Overview
A rare syndrome characterized by loose joints, chest deformity and unusual facial appearance.
Symptoms
* Short stature * Opaque corneas * Vision loss * Loose joints * Unusual facial appearance * Slightly prominent forehead * Low nose bridge * Flattened cheekbones * Chubby cheeks * Deep upper lip groove * Arched upper lips * Flat foot * Beaked nose * High cheekbones * Telecanthus * Tented upper lip * Knock knees
Causes
No cause for body dysmorphic disorder has been identified, although theories have been put forth. The biologic theory holds that some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to psychiatric disorders, making them more likely to develop body dysmorphic disorder. Certain stresses or life events, especially during adolescence, may precipitate the onset of the disorder. It may also be associated with an imbalance of serotonin or other brain chemicals. The psychological theory holds that low self-esteem and a tendency to judge oneself almost exclusively by appearance may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder. These patients may be perfectionists who strive for an impossible ideal. In such patients, heightened perception about appearance causes increasing focus on every imperfection or slight abnormality. In the United States, body dysmorphic disorder is estimated to occur in 1% to 2% of the general population, affecting males and females equally. However, its incidence may be underestimated because it frequently goes undiagnosed. It’s a chronic condition and usually begins during the late teens. The average age of onset is 17.
Treatment
The goals of treatment for the patient include enhancement of his self-esteem, reduced preoccupation with the perceived flaw, and elimination of the harmful effects of compulsive behaviors. The patient also needs to improve functional abilities as well as express (and cope with) feelings of anxiety as they arise without resorting to excessive behaviors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and group therapies have proven helpful. Behavioral methods, including aversion therapy, thought-stopping, and flooding (also called implosion therapy), have proven effective. Other treatments include the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to help diminish preoccupation, distress, depression, and anxiety. Tricyclic antidepressants have also been effective.