Acute Myocarditis

Overview

Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild, flu-like symptoms to severe heart failure or even sudden cardiac death. It’s typically characterized by inflammation of the myocardium, which can be triggered by infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications.

Symptoms

Acute myocarditis symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Some individuals may also experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and body aches, or even fainting according to the Mayo Clinic. In some cases, symptoms may mimic those of a heart attack, highlighting the importance of seeking immediate medical attention for unexplained chest pain and shortness of breath.

Causes

Acute myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle, can be caused by various factors, most commonly viral infections. Other causes include bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications or environmental exposures. Sometimes, the exact cause remains unknown.

Prevention

While myocarditis, particularly acute myocarditis, cannot be entirely prevented, you can significantly reduce your risk by focusing on preventative measures and managing potential triggers. These measures include practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated, avoiding risky behaviors, and managing underlying health conditions.

Diagnosis

Acute myocarditis diagnosis involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, and various tests to assess heart function and identify potential causes. Key diagnostic tools include electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, cardiac MRI, and in some cases, endomyocardial biopsy. Blood tests, including cardiac enzyme and antibody tests, are also important.

Prognosis

The prognosis for acute myocarditis is highly variable and depends on several factors, including the severity of the initial presentation, the presence of complications, and the underlying cause. While many cases resolve within a few weeks, some patients may experience persistent cardiac dysfunction or progress to end-stage cardiomyopathy.

Treatment

Acute myocarditis treatment focuses on supportive care and managing symptoms, with specific therapies tailored to the cause and severity. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, manage heart failure, and address arrhythmias, as well as more aggressive interventions like mechanical circulatory support or, in severe cases, heart transplant.